History of the Peloponnesian War

"I have now spoken, in obedience to the law, such words as I had that were fitting, and those whom we are burying have already in part also received their tribute in our deeds;[*](i.e. the honours shown them throughout the rest of the ceremony, described in Thuc. 2.34, as contrasted with the words of the eulogist.)besides, the state will henceforth maintain their children at the public expense until they grow to manhood, thus offering both to the dead and to their survivors a crown of substantial worth as their prize in such contests. For where the prizes offered for virtue are greatest, there are found the best citizens.

And now, when you have made due lament, each for his own dead, depart."

Such were the funeral ceremonies that took place during this winter, the close of which brought the first year of this war to an end.

At the very beginning of summer the Peloponnesians and their[*](430 B.C.) allies, with two-thirds of their forces as before[*](Thuc. 2.10.2.) invaded Attica, under the command of Archidamus, son of Zeuxidamus, king of the Lacedaemonians, and establishing themselves proceeded to ravage

the country. And before they had been many days in Attica the plague[*](It is perhaps impossible to identify the plague of Athens with any known disease. Grote describes it as an eruptive typhoid fever. It has perhaps more symptoms in common with typhus than with any other disease.) began for the first time to show itself among the Athenians. It is said, indeed, to have broken out before in many places, both in Lemnos and elsewhere, though no pestilence of such extent nor any scourge so destructive of human lives is on

record anywhere. For neither were physicians able to cope with the disease, since they at first had to treat it without knowing its nature, the mortality among them being greatest because they were most exposed to it, nor did any other human art avail. And the supplications made at sanctuaries, or appeals to oracles and the like, were all futile, and at last men desisted from them, overcome by the calamity.